Form uppercase and lowercase letters in cursive.
Apply knowledge of grade-appropriate phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, syllable division principles, and spelling rules (or generalizations) to encode words accurately.
Encode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words using knowledge of syllable types, including open, closed, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, vowel-r, and consonant-le.
Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to encode grade-appropriate words correctly.
Examples: VC/CV, V/CV, VC/V, CV/VC; rab-bit, o-pen, cab-in, di-et
Encode words with final /v/ and /j/ sounds using knowledge that no English word ends with a v or j.
Examples: have, give, save; cage, rage, budge, lodge
Encode one- and two-syllable words with long and short vowel patterns.
Encode words with two- and three-consonant blends, including those containing digraphs.
Examples: st, sm, sn, sl, cl, dr, br, bl, str, scr, thr, squ, spl, spr
Encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
Examples: ph, gh, ch, sh, wh, th, ng, tch, dge, qu
Encode words with the common vowel teams, including diphthongs.
Examples: ai, ay, ea, ee, ei, igh, oa, ow, ou, ue, ew, eigh
Encode words with vowel-r combinations.
Examples: ar, or, ir, er, ur, air, ear, oar
Encode words that follow the -ild, -ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
Examples: wild, cold, most, colt, mind
Encode words with a after w read /ä/ and a before l read /â/.
Examples: wash, water, wasp; tall, all, talk, small, fall
Encode words with or after w read /er/.
Examples: world, word, worm, worst, work
Encode words with hard and soft c and g.
Examples: carry, cent; game, giraffe
Encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /Ä«/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /Ä“/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /Ä/ sound for these words.
Examples: fly, my; baby, happy; myth, gym
Encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
Examples: pro-, trans-, non-, mid-, -ful, -less, -ness, -ed, ing, -es, -er, -est, -en, -y, -ly
Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
Examples: decodable - number, way, my, than, word;
decodable except for one irregularity - other (o is schwa); from- (o is schwa); what- (a is schwa or short o depending on dialect)
Encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will, using apostrophes appropriately.
Examples: I’m, he’s, she’s, isn’t, don’t, I’ve, he’d, they’ll
Encode frequently confused homophones accurately, using knowledge of English orthography and meaning to facilitate learning.
Examples: their/they’re/there; eight/ate; cent/scent/sent
Organize a list of words into alphabetical order according to first, second, and third letters.
Write a personal or fictional narrative using a logical sequence of events, including details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings and providing a sense of closure.
Write informative or explanatory texts, introducing the topic, providing facts and relevant details to develop points, and providing a conclusion.
Write an opinion piece about a topic or text with details to support the opinion, using transitional words and providing a sense of closure.
Write complete sentences demonstrating knowledge of punctuation conventions.
Utilize commas with words in a series in a sentence.
Use apostrophes to form contractions and possessives.
Examples: contractions with am, is, has, not (I’m, she’s, don’t)
Use punctuation to set off interjections.
Expand sentences using frequently-occurring conjunctions.
Examples: because, so, but
With prompting and support, compose and develop a well-organized paragraph with a topic sentence, details to support, and a concluding sentence.
Demonstrate understanding of standard English language conventions when writing.
Identify the role of a noun, verb, adjective, and adverb within a sentence and explain the type of the information it conveys.
Form regular nouns and verbs by adding -s or -es.
Form and use simple present and past verb tenses.
Form plurals by changing -y to -ies.
Form and use frequently-occurring irregular plural nouns and verbs.
