Unpacked Content
Scientific and Engineering Practices
Developing and Using Models; Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Crosscutting Concepts
Patterns; Systems and System Models; Structure and Function
Knowledge
Students know:
- The atom has a positively-charged nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively-charged electrons.
- The periodic table can be used to determine the number of particles in an atom of a given element.
- The relationship between the arrangement of main group elements on the periodic table and the pattern of valence electrons in their atoms.
- The relationship between the arrangement of elements on the periodic table and the number of protons in their atoms.
- The trends in relative size, reactivity, and electronegativity in atoms are based on attractions of the valence electrons to the nucleus.
- The number and types of bonds formed (i.e. ionic, covalent, metallic) by an element and between elements are based on the arrangement of valence electrons in the atoms.
- The shapes of molecules are based on the arrangement of valence electrons in the atoms.
- The rules for naming chemical compounds are based upon the type of bond formed.
- The number and charges in stable ions that form from atoms in a group of the periodic table are based on the arrangement of valence electrons in the atoms.
Skills
Students are able to:
- Predict relative properties of elements using the periodic table.
- Predict patterns in periodic trends based on the structure of the atom.
- Predict patterns in bonding and shape based on the structure of the atom.
- Use the periodic table to determine how elements will bond.
Understanding
Students understand that:
- Models are based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system.
- Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
- The periodic table arranges elements into periods/ rows by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
- Elements with similar properties are placed into groups/ families/ columns based on the repeating pattern of valence electrons in their atoms.
- Attraction and repulsion between electrical charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properites, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects.
- The attraction and repulsion of charged particles in the atom creates patterns of properties of elements.
- The arrangement of valence electrons in an atom also creates patterns of properties of elements.
- Elements form bonds based upon their valence electron arrangement.
- Chemical compounds are named based upon the type of bonds formed by their constituent atoms/ ions.
- Different patterns may be observed at the atomic/ molecular level and the macroscopic level.
Vocabulary
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Nucleus
- Electrons
- Valence
- Main group elements
- Properties
- Atoms
- Elements
- Periods/ Rows
- Groups/ Families/ Columns
- Atomic/ molecular level
- Macroscopic level
- Periodic trends
- metal/ nonmetal/ metalloid behavior
- electrical/ heat conductivity
- electronegativity
- electron affinity
- ionization energy
- atomic-covalent/ ionic radii
- Molecular modeling
- Lewis dot
- 3-D ball-and-stick
- space-filling
- VSEPR
- Types of bonds
- ionic bonds
- covalent/ molecular bonds
- metallic bonds
- Molecular shapes
- Ions
- Ionic compounds
- Covalent/ molecular compounds
