Standards - Mathematics

Define the constant e in a variety of contexts.

Explore the behavior of the function $y=e^x$ and its applications.

Explore the behavior of the function $y=e^x$ and its applications.

Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.

Represent complex numbers on the complex plane in rectangular and polar form (including real and imaginary numbers), and explain why the rectangular and polar forms of a given complex number represent the same number.

Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, and conjugation of complex numbers geometrically on the complex plane; use properties of this representation for computation.

Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, and conjugation of complex numbers geometrically on the complex plane; use properties of this representation for computation.

Analyze possible zeros for a polynomial function over the complex numbers by applying the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, using a graph of the function, or factoring with algebraic identities.

Determine numerically, algebraically, and graphically the limits of functions at specific values and at infinity.

Apply limits of functions at specific values and at infinity in problems involving convergence and divergence.

Explain that vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Represent vector quantities by directed line segments, and use appropriate symbols for vectors and their magnitudes.

Find the components of a vector by subtracting the coordinates of an initial point from the coordinates of a terminal point.

Solve problems involving velocity and other quantities that can be represented by vectors.

Find the scalar (dot) product of two vectors as the sum of the products of corresponding components and explain its relationship to the cosine of the angle formed by two vectors.

Add and subtract vectors.

Add vectors end-to-end, component-wise, and by the parallelogram rule, understanding that the magnitude of a sum of two vectors is not always the sum of the magnitudes.

Given two vectors in magnitude and direction form, determine the magnitude and direction of their sum.

Explain vector subtraction, v - w, as v + (-w), where -w is the additive inverse of w, with the same magnitude as w and pointing in the opposite direction. Represent vector subtraction graphically by connecting the tips in the appropriate order, and perform vector subtraction component-wise.

Multiply a vector by a scalar.

Represent scalar multiplication graphically by scaling vectors and possibly reversing their direction; perform scalar multiplication component-wise.

Represent scalar multiplication graphically by scaling vectors and possibly reversing their direction; perform scalar multiplication component-wise.

Multiply a vector (regarded as a matrix with one column) by a matrix of suitable dimensions to produce another vector. Work with matrices as transformations of vectors.

Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series (when the common ratio is not 1), and use the formula to solve problems, extending to infinite geometric series.

Derive and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x - a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of $(x + y)^n$ in powers of x and y for a positive integer, n, where x and y are any numbers.

Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated cases, a computer algebra system.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions.

Explain why rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, which is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a non-zero rational expression.

Explain each step in solving an equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a clear-cut solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method. Include equations that may involve linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, absolute value, radical, rational, piecewise, and trigonometric functions, and their inverses.

Solve simple rational equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector variable.

Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 x 3 or greater).

Compare and contrast families of functions and their representations algebraically, graphically, numerically, and verbally in terms of their key features. Note: Key features include intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; maximums and minimums; symmetries (including even and odd); end behavior; asymptotes; and periodicity. Families of functions include but are not limited to linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, absolute value, radical, rational, piecewise, trigonometric, and their inverses.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph. Extend from polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and radical to rational and all trigonometric functions.

Find the difference quotient $\frac {f(x+\Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$ of a function and use it to evaluate the average rate of change at a point.