SC15.HAP.8 | ALEX

Science (2015) Grade(s): 09-12 - Human Anatomy and Physiology

SC15.HAP.8
Communicate scientific information to explain the relationship between the structures and functions, both mechanical (e.g., chewing, churning in stomach) and chemical (e.g., enzymes, hydrochloric acid [HCl] in stomach), of the digestive system, including the accessory organs (e.g., salivary glands, pancreas).

Unpacked Content

Scientific and Engineering Practices

Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

Crosscutting Concepts

Cause and Effect; Structure and Function

Knowledge

Students know:

The digestive system is composed of the digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum) and accessory digestive organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder).
Mechanical digestion includes chewing (mastication), swallowing, peristalsis, churning in the stomach).
Chemical digestion is contributed to by enzymes, acids, and hormones.
The hypothalamus regulates hunger and thirst.
Chemical and mechanical digestion begin in the mouth.
Perstalsis moves food through the digestive tract.
The stomach uses enzymes and acids (chemical) and churning(mechanical) to digest proteins.
Hormones produced by the stomach and small intestine regulate digestion.
Digestion of most food takes place in the proximal portions of the small intestine while absorption of digested food takes place in the distal portions.
The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes in its proximal components and feces is formed in the distal portions.
Exocrine functions of the pancreas involve the production of digestive enzymes.
The endocrine function of the pancreas involves insulin and glucagon, which regulate sugar.
Bile production is a major function of the liver.
The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which helps with fat digestion.
Food intolerances are caused by the inability to absorb or digest food.
Polyps are outgrowths of the mucosa that can devlop into cancer.
Ulcers are caused by erosion fo the digestive tract mucosa.
Digestive system gland disorders include cirrhosis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis.

Skills

Students are able to:

Gather, read, and interpret scientific information about the structures of the digestive system that contribute to mechanical digestion.
Gather, read, and interpret scientific information about the function of the structures of the digestive system that contribute to mechanical digestion.
Gather, read, and interpret scientific information about the structures of the digestive system that contribute to chemical digestion.
Gather, read, and interpret scientific information about the function of the structures of the digestive system that contribute to chemical digestion.
Communicate scientific information, in multiple formats (e.g., orally, graphically, textually) to explain the structure and function of the mechanical and chemical digestive system, as a whole, and of its intrinsic parts.
Use scientific literature to identify conditions and diseases that effect the digestive system.
Evaluate, based on evidence, how these conditions and diseases affect the body.
Analyze data in order to make a valid and reliable scientific claim about how the body responds to the identified conditions and diseases in its attempt to maintain homeostasis.

Understanding

Students understand that:

The digestive system is made of several different tissues, organs, and accessory organs that ultimately break down food into smaller, usable molecules that can be absorbed and transported by the blood to the rest of the body's tissues.
The digestive system creates and eliminates solid waste from the parts of foods that aren't transported into the bloodstream.
Numerous organs/accessory organs are structurally designed to play several different roles in the digestion process.
Several reactions/systems (glycolysis, electron transport chain, glucogenesis, amination, TCA cycle, etc. occur and contribute to metabolism.
Several factors (genetics, diet, exercise, stress, etc.) can contribute to the development of digestive disorders.
Lifestyle choices and various medications can help alleviate digestive disorders.
Multiple systems interact to play a part in digestive pathology.
Various organs and locations within those organs are affected, depending on each digestive disorder.

Vocabulary

digestive tract/ alimentary canal
accessory digestive organs: salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
gastrulation
ingestion
mastication
salivary amylase
esophagus
reverse peristalsis
protease
mucosa
cholecystokinin
gastrin
secretin
chyme
enerokinases
parenteral nutrition
hepatic
flatulence
feces
buccal/ oral cavity
palate (hard and soft)
intrinsic/ extrinsic tongue muscles
glands (salivary, parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
teeth (incisors, canine/ cuspid, bicuspid/ premolars, molars, wisdom)
esophagus
stomach
lamina propria
mucosae, submucosa
adventitia/ serosa
cardiac sphincter
reflux
regions—upper (cardiac), middle (fundic), lower (pyloric)
cells (parietal, chief, mucous neck, gastric stem)
glands (cardiac, fundic, pyloric)
pyloric sphincter
intestine (small and large)
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
villi
mesentery
cecum
cecum
appendix
colon (transverse, descending, sigmoid)
rectum
anus
dysphagia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Crohn's disease
Celiac disease
Diverticulitus
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ameobic dysentery
polyps
hepatitis
hernia
pancreatitis

Aligned Learning Resources

Digestive Detectives: What Do You Know?

Digestive Detectives: Gathering Information

Digestive Detectives: Investigating Patient Data