Unpacked Content
Scientific and Engineering Practices
Developing and Using Models; Planning and Carrying out Investigations
Crosscutting Concepts
Cause and Effect; Structure and Function
Knowledge
Students know:
- Each muscle has a stabel immovable attachment point known as its origin and a second attachment point which connects it to the body part that it moves called the insertion.
- Parallel muscles are sheets of muscle cells that provide contractions for moving light loads over long distances, while pinnate muscles are feather patterned adn provide great strength for moving large loads over short distances.
- There are different gross muscle shapes such as deltoid, trapezoid, rhomboideus, rectus, and serratus muscles.
- Biceps muscles have two origins while triceps have three.
- The largest muscle of a group is referred to as maximus while the smallest is called the minimus, the longest is called the longus and the shortest is called the brevis muscle.
- There are many types of muscle actions, including: abductor, adductor, depressor, extensor, flexor, levator, pronator, rotator, sphincter, supinator, tensor.
- Muscles can counteract (antagonistic) or assist (synergistic) other muscles.
- Muscle contractions can be categorized as isotonic or isometric.
- Overuse of muscles can cause strains, stiffness or sprains.
- Muscle damage can produce muscle pathology such as contusions, cramps, paralysis, and sensitivity.
- Some muscle diseases are genetic or developmental—including myopethies
Skills
Students are able to:
- Develop a model that allows for manipulation and testing of a proposed process or system (different types of muscles and muscle groups).
- Develop and/or use a model to generate data to support explanations, predict phenomena, analyze systems and show the different types of muscles and muscle groups to include where they are located in the human body.
- Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources, (theories, simulations, peer review).
- Apply scientific ideas, principles, and evidence to provide an explanation of phenomena and solve design problems taking into account possible unanticipated results.
- Design, evaluate and/or refine a solution to a complex real-world problem, based on scientific knowledge, student-generated sources of evidence, prioritized criteria, and trade-off considerations.
- Collect data about a complex model of a proposed process or system (ergonomic design solution to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders) to identify failure points or improve performance relative to criteria for success or other variables (to include cost and benefit).
- Evaluate the impact of new data (ergonomic design to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders) on a working explanation and/or model of a proposed process or system.
- Analyze data to identify design features or characteristics of the components of a proposed process or system related to ergonomic design to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders) to optimize it relative to criteria for success (cost and benefits).
- Use mathematical, computational, and/or algorithmic representations of phenomena to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations (cost benefit analysis of solutions to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders).
- Compare, integrate, and evaluate sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address/solve the problem of how to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders to include cost and benefit).
- Gather, read, and evaluate scientific and/or technical information from multiple authoritative sources assessing the evidence and usefulness of each source in relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Understanding
Students understand that:
- The arrangement of muscles enables them to work congruently to yield an assortment of movements. In order for these movements to take place the muscular system must work with several other body systems (skeletal, circulatory, nervous). Muscles function produces movement, stabilizes joints, maintains posture and body position, generates heat, and assists in protecting internal organs.
- There are several phases that lead to muscle fiber contraction. At the neuromuscular junction the muscle fiber is activated so that there is a change in membrane potential which precipitates the formation of an electrical current (action potential). This action potential is then disseminated along the sarcolemma which prompts a rise in calcium ions that in turn leads to the stimulation of muscle contraction. In a disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the patient's sarcolemma tears during a contraction which permits extra calcium ions that damages contractile fibers, lymphocytes, and macrophages that accumulate in surrounding connective tissue. This homeostatic imbalance causes the damaged cells to atrophy resulting in a debilitating loss in muscle mass for the patient with DMD.
- Work-related musculoskeletal disorders/ injuries are a major concern for employers. Therefore it is imperative that ergonomic design solutions prevent and or reduce the incidence of these disorders. Annually, these disorders/injuries cost employers vast amounts of money, time, and resources. With that said, employers are continually seeking ergonomic design solutions to remedy this dilemma.
Vocabulary
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
