SC15.HAP.4

Science (2015) Grade(s): 09-12 - Human Anatomy and Physiology

Developing and Using Models; Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

Cause and Effect; Structure and Function

Students know:

The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons and provides movement, protection and shape.
The axial skeleton is composed of the spine, rib cage and skull.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the arms, hips, legs and shoulders.
Bones can be categorized by shape: flat, irregular, long, and short.
Joints can be categorized by their structural components—cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial—or by their function—amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis, and synarthrosis.
Endochondral bones form from cartilage pegs in the embryo—they usually produce long bones and parts of irregular and short bones. They have primary and secondary ossification centers, and a region that produces the bone collar.
Dermal bones form in subcutaneous membranes, are mostly composed of cancellous bone with a covering of boney plates and usually produce flat bones and parts of irregular bones.
Bone fractures can be simple, commuted or compound, or open.
Bone healing involves four stages: fracture, granulation, callus, and normal contour.—sometimes classified as three phases: reactive, reparative and restorative.

Students are able to:

Gather, read, and interpret scientific information to explain the skeletal system and its function in the human body.
Use models to identify and communicate the structure and function of the skeletal system.
Communicate an understanding of bone growth and development by compiling and summarizing data about bone growth (compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification, describe the process of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plates).
Communicate an understanding of the pathophysiology of bone by compiling and summarizing data about bone growth (bone remodeling and bone repair).
Gather, read, and evaluate scientific and technical information from multiple sources about the types and causes of bone disease and the treatment for those diseases.

Students understand that:

The bones give shape to the body and provide protection and support for the body's organs. The skeletal system, with the support of muscles which attach to bones via tendons allow movement of body parts. The body's joints make up of determines the type of body movements that are possible.
Small scale changes in bone construction occur continually. The body frequently recycles bone which allows for prevention of fractures and self-repairs.
Any imbalances in bone deposit and bone reabsorption may cause the disease process to occur in the human skeleton. Therefore, maintaining homeostatic balance of bone growth and remodeling is an important component to skeletal disease prevention.
By the eighth week of embryonic development human bone has been almost completely constructed. Throughout early life (neonate-pre-adolescence) the long bones continue to lengthen by way of interstitial growth. For most under normal homeostatic conditions growth continues until about the end of adolescence when ceases.