Learning Resource Type

Lesson Plan

Modeling Mitosis

Subject Area

Science

Grade(s)

7

Overview

This module provides three different methods for learning about mitosis and includes hands-on, inquiry-based activities. Students will prepare and examine slides of their cheek cells and compare them to those of other students. This will demonstrate the relationship between the structure and function of cells and the similarity of the same types of cells within the same species. Using yarn and popsicle sticks, students will model and explain each of the stages of mitosis. The students will observe prepared slides of onion root tips and whitefish blastula to discover the differences in mitosis in plant and animal cells.

    Science (2015) Grade(s): 7

    SC15.7.2

    Gather and synthesize information to explain how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in structure and function, including the methods of asexual and sexual reproduction.

    Unpacked Content

    UP:SC15.7.2

    Vocabulary

    • Cell
    • Prokaryotic cells
    • Eukaryotic cells
    • Structure
    • Function
    • Asexual reproduction
    • Sexual reproduction
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • Chromosome
    • DNA

    Knowledge

    Students know:
    • Prokaryotic cells are microscopic, single-celled organisms that have neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
    • Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.
    • The function of prokaryotic cells.
    • The reproductive methods of prokaryotic cells.
    • Eukaryotic cells consist of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.
    • Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.
    • The function of eukaryotic cells.
    • The reproductive methods of eukaryotic cells.

    Skills

    Students are able to:
    • Obtain information about cells, including structure, function, and method of reproduction, from published, grade-level appropriate material from multiple sources.
    • Determine and describe whether the gathered information is relevant.
    • Use information to explain how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ.

    Understanding

    Students understand that:
    • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in structure and function, as well as method of reproduction.

    Scientific and Engineering Practices

    Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

    Crosscutting Concepts

    Structure and Function

    Primary Learning Objectives

    1. The student will prepare a wet mount slide with a sample of his or her cheek cell and identify the cellular structures displayed in the sample.

    2. The student will model mitosis to identify and describe the process in full or in any one of the stages.

    3. The student will recognize and sketch one of the stages of mitosis from prepared slides of an onion root tip and a whitefish blastula.

    4. The student will explain mitosis to group members while modeling the process.

    Procedures/Activities

    Before Strategy/Engage: 100 minutes (Day 1 and 2)

    1. The teacher should give each student a copy of the Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis. The teacher should give students approximately ten to fifteen minutes to complete the pre-test. The teacher should stress to students that the purpose of the pre-test is to demonstrate the student’s background knowledge about the concepts of osmosis and diffusion.

    2. After students complete the pretest, the teacher should check students’ answers to determine their current knowledge base of the concepts using the Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis Answer Key. Alternatively, the teacher could allow students to check their own paper or check a partner’s paper.

    3. After the students have completed the pretest, the teacher should post the following “Questions to Ponder” on the board. The teacher should allow student volunteers to share their answers, then record student responses on the board.

    • How does a human being grow from a single fertilized cell into an individual containing billions of cells?

    Possible Answer: Cells increase their number through a process called cytokinesis or cell division. Cell division is preceded by nuclear division or mitosis.  The genetic information of the parent cell is reproduced exactly in each daughter cell, whereas division of the other cell components is not exact.

    • Do all of the cells of the body look like one another? Do they perform the same jobs?

    Possible Answer: There are many different types of cells in the body which serve many different functions. A nerve cell which conducts electrical messages looks very different from a cheek cell. Cheek cells are a type of epithelial tissue which are tightly arranged to help protect against bacterial invasion.

    • Do all cells of the body contain the same genetic information?

    Possible Answer: All cells in the body with the exception of the egg and the sperm have identical copies of an individual’s genetic information. Different genes are activated in different cell types.

    • How is the genetic blueprint that makes you who you are transmitted continuously from one cell to the next?

    Possible Answer: The consistent transmission of genetic material from one cell generation to the next is accomplished through DNA replication during Interphase and division in the process of mitosis. This nuclear replication and division occur billions of times with great accuracy as a human being grows and develops.

    • How long does it take for one parent cell to become two daughter cells?

    Possible Answer: In humans, rapidly dividing cells such as skin and gut divide as often as once a day. Other cells, such as brain and nerve tissue, rarely divide in adult cells.

    • Are cells alive?

    Possible Answer: Yes, they are the smallest units of life. They are considered to be living because they are capable of respiration, nutrient intake, the release of waste materials, reproduction of themselves, movement, responsiveness and other processes which are characteristic of other living things.

    • What is a cell anyway?

    Possible Answer: Cells are sometimes referred to as the basic units of life; they are small compartments in your body which house your DNA and perform all the essential tasks to sustain life. They are surrounded by a cell membrane, contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and have many other organelles performing various functions.

    4. For the next portion of the lesson, students will need access to a technology device. Students should visit the Virtual Compound Microscope website and complete the online tour to review the correct usage of a compound microscope.

    5. For the next activity in the lesson, students will need to be divided into collaborative groups of approximately four students each. Each student will need a copy of The Human Cheek Cell Lab Sheet. Each group will need the required materials for the lab activity. Students should follow the procedures listed on the lab sheet. This lab sheet will also direct students to collect data during their investigation and answer reflection questions at the conclusion of the lab.

    During Strategy/Explore & Explain: 100 minutes (Day 3 and 4)

    1. For the next portion of the lesson, students will need to be divided into eight collaborative groups. Each student will need a copy of Student Lab Guide 1-Modeling Mitosis\. Each group will need the required materials for the lab activity. Students should follow the procedures listed on the lab sheet. This lab sheet will also direct students to collect data during their investigation and answer reflection questions at the conclusion of the lab.

    2. Students will continue to work in eight collaborative groups during the next lab activity. Each student will need a copy of Student Lab Guide 2-Mitosis Observation. Each group will need the required materials for the lab activity. Students should follow the procedures listed on the lab sheet. This lab sheet will also direct students to collect data during their investigation and answer reflection questions at the conclusion of the lab.

    After Strategy/Explain & Elaborate: 50 minutes (Day 5)

    1. After all groups have completed the lab activities on mitosis, the teacher should lead a class discussion among all of the groups to compare each group’s data.

    Note: If the teacher identifies that students need additional review before the summative assessment, the teacher may show students the attached Mitosis Presentation to review the concepts demonstrated during the lab activities (see attached PowerPoint presentation).

    2. The teacher should give the students the Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis, that students completed as a pre-test at the beginning of the lesson. The teacher should explain to students that this post-test will allow students to demonstrate the knowledge they acquired during the lab activities.

    Assessment Strategies

    Formative: The teacher will informally assess students' background knowledge by administering the Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis prior to teaching the lesson. The teacher should carefully monitor students as they complete the lab activities with their groups to certify that students are correctly following the lab procedures. The teacher should review each student’s Human Cheek Cell Lab Sheet, Student Lab Guide 1-Modeling Mitosis, and Student Lab Guide 2-Mitosis Observation to ensure that students are collecting accurate data during the lab investigations.

    Summative: The teacher will formally assess students at the conclusion of each lab experiment by reviewing each student’s answers to the reflection questions on the Human Cheek Cell Lab Sheet, Student Lab Guide 1-Modeling Mitosis, and Student Lab Guide 2-Mitosis Observation. The teacher will administer the Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis as a summative assessment at the end of the lesson.

    Acceleration

    Students can further explore the concepts taught in this module by completing the interactive game “Wound Healing Process” from ck12.org.

    Students can expand their understanding of the concept of mitosis by completing the Karyotyping Activity. 

     

    Intervention

    Students who require additional preparation prior to the lesson or review after the lesson can view the Mitosis Presentation which succinctly summarizes the concepts demonstrated during this lesson’s lab activities (see the PowerPoint presentation).

    Students who need extra assistance learning the vocabulary words associated with this lesson can play the Taboo Vocabulary Review Game. This game will allow students to practice identifying the meaning of scientific terms associated with mitosis. 

     

     

    Approximate Duration

    Total Duration

    Greater than 120 Minutes

    Background and Preparation

    Background/Preparation

    Student Background: This lesson requires students to have background knowledge about the structure and function of cells. If students do not possess background knowledge on these concepts, the teacher should prepare to provide instruction on this topic prior to beginning the lesson.  As written, this lesson requires students to use a microscope and create a wet mount slide with their cheek cells. If students have not had experience with using a microscope or preparing slides, the following video clips provide detailed, illustrated steps to perform these tasks:

    "How to Prepare a Wet Mount Slide" from youtube.com-2:30

    "Using a Microscope" from youtube.com-6:59

    Teacher Background: The teacher should preview the Teacher Preparation Guide prior to teaching the lesson to ensure that the lab activities are prepared for students prior to beginning the lesson’s activities. In addition, this preparation packet includes the expected outcomes of the experiments included in this lesson and an answer key for the reflection questions. As written, the activities included in this lesson will require at least five class days to complete. The teacher can view the attached Mitosis Presentation for additional background information about the concepts taught in this lesson. The teacher should review lab safety precautions with students and ensure students follow these procedures for the duration of the lesson.

    Prior to teaching day three of the module, the teacher will need to set up the Modeling Mitosis Lab for the eight student groups. Prior to teaching day four of the module, the teacher will need to set up the microscopes with the prepared onion root tip and whitefish blastula slides. Detailed instructions for setting up this lab are provided in the Teacher Preparation Guide. If the teacher plans to use the Taboo Cards to review vocabulary words associated with the lesson, the teacher should ensure adequate copies are made for all student groups. Detailed instructions for creating the cards for this review are provided in the Teacher Notes for Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization Vocabulary Review Game (see attached document).

    Materials and Resources

    Materials and Resources

    Student Materials (per student)

    Pencil or pen

    Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis

    The Human Cheek Cell Lab Sheet

    Student Lab Guide 1-Modeling Mitosis 

    Student Lab Guide 2-Mitosis Observation

    Website for before activity: Virtual Compound Microscope

    Accleration Activities

    Website for acceleration activity: Wound Healing Process” from ck12.org.

    Karyotyping Activity 

    The Human Cheek Cell Lab

    Toothpick (throw away after use)

    Coverslip (throw away after use)

    Student Materials (per group)

    The Human Cheek Cell Lab

    Dropper bottle of water

    Blank slides

    Methylene Blue dropper bottle

    Microscope

    Plastic container with dilute bleach solution for used slides

    Modeling Mitosis Lab

    4’ long by 2’ wide bulletin board paper

    Scissors

    Scotch tape

    Rubber bands

    Four red popsicle sticks

    Four blue popsicle sticks

    Yarn:

    One 100 inch piece of black yarn

    One 60 inch piece of purple yarn

    Two 30 inch pieces of rust yarn (green twist tie)

    Two 32 inch pieces of rust yarn (blue twist tie)

    Two 36 inch pieces of rust yarn (red twist tie)

    Two 12” pieces of red yarn

    Two 12” pieces of blue yarn

    Microscope Observation of Mitosis

    Microscope

    Prepared slides of Onion Root Tip and Whitefish Blastula

    For Taboo Vocabulary Review 

    Taboo Cards

    Teacher Materials

    Teacher Preparation Guide 

    Pre-/Post-Test – Mitosis Answer Key

    The Human Cheek Cell Lab Answer Key

    Mitosis Presentation 

    Teacher Notes for Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization Vocabulary Review Game 

    5-E Inquiry Mitosis Lesson Plan

    Technology Resources Needed

    Teacher Technology Resources

    Teacher computer

    Interactive whiteboard or projector

    Student Technology Resources

    Student technology device

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